Graphene theorised

Existence of graphene was theorised by Philip R Wallace as an attempt to understand electronic properties of 3D graphite, referred to as a “single hexagonal layer".

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Discovery of carbon nanotubes

First clear images of 50-nanometre diameter tubes made of carbon published in the Journal of Physical Chemistry Of Russia

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Carbon Fibre

A lightweight, high-strength material made from carbon atoms, used in a wide range of applications.

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Carbon Fibre Reinforced Polymer

A composite material made from carbon fibre and polymer resin, known for its strength and lightweight properties.

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Discovery of Perovskite Crystal Structure

The perovskite structure is identified, highlighting its potential for various electronic applications due to unique optical and electronic properties.

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Synthesis of quantum dots

Quantum dots are first synthesized, showcasing tunable optical properties critical for future solar energy and display technologies.

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First isolation of graphene

A group in Manchester, England unexpectedly extracts single-atom-thick-crystallites from graphite, proving the existence of true 2D crystals, previously considered not able to exist in a flat state.

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Aligned nanotube growth

Chemical vapour deposition used to grow 3/4" lengths of ordered carbon nanotubes

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First Perovskite Solar Cell

The first perovskite solar cell is developed, using organic-inorganic halide perovskites, achieving 3.8% efficiency with early instability issues.

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Gene Editing

CRISPR-Cas9 formally harnessed for genome editing; successes in editing eukaryotic cells. Targeted genome cleavage in human and murine cells demonstrated.

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Breakthrough in Perovskite Efficiency

Perovskite solar cell efficiency surpasses 15%, positioning it as a promising alternative to silicon photovoltaics.

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Graphene Integrated into Solar Cells

Graphene is successfully implemented as a charge transport layer, improving electron mobility and structural flexibility in solar devices.

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High performance CFRPs

Carbon fibre reinforced polymer performance enhanced greatly by coating with graphene nanoplates and carbon nanotubes, increasing shear, tensile and flexural strengths

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Quantum Dot Solar Windows Commercialised

Quantum dot technology is used in transparent solar windows, generating power while allowing natural light through architectural glass structures.

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Methylammonium Bromide Perovskite Cells Developed

Perovskite solar cells incorporating methylammonium bromide improve light absorption and chemical stability, increasing efficiency under visible light.

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Space-Grade Stable Perovskites Achieved

Perovskite cells with tin chloride additives are optimized for radiation resistance and thermal stability in space environments.

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Fusion Energy

A technology that seeks to replicate the energy generation process of stars, combining hydrogen atoms under extreme pressure and temperature.

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Quantum Computing

A technology that uses quantum-mechanical phenomena, such as superposition and entanglement, to perform computation.

• > Wyn Luton

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Graphene-Encapsulated Indium Phosphide QDs

Indium phosphide quantum dots encased in graphene dramatically improve near-infrared light capture, stability, and thermal management in solar cells.

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n-walled carbon nanotubes

Large-scale production of arbitrarily nominated wall counts and spacings for carbon nanotubes possible. Refinements in production techniques, leaving behind outmoded chemical vapour deposition, means lengths of hundreds of metres with minimal defects can be produced.

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Aluminium Oxide Coated Perovskites

Perfection of ultra-thin aluminium oxide coatings prevents perovskite degradation from UV exposure, oxygen, and water vapour, extending operational lifespan.

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First Tandem Perovskite-QD Solar Cell Module

A tandem solar module combining perovskite and quantum dot layers, separated by graphene charge transport layers, reaches unprecedented energy conversion rates.

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Large-scale graphene production

Production of graphene sheets of the order of square metres becomes commonplace, though initially not without cost, primarily driven by continuous calibration of chemical vapour deposition processes and wasted materials when gas flow rates, temperatures and exposure times are suboptimal.

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Ground-based extrusion

Fixed ground stations manufacture and grow cable-like structures upwards from sites. Vapour deposition and similar nanotech fabrication methods can continuously form material layers in a controlled fashion

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Fusion desalination plants

Fusion desalination plants harness energy from nuclear fusion to power large-scale desalination processes, such as reverse osmosis or thermal distillation, to convert seawater into potable water. This clean, abundant energy source offers a sustainable solution to water scarcity, reducing environmental impact and costs compared to traditional fossil-fuel-powered desalination

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Hybrid carbon-based superstructures

A combination of high performance carbon fibre reinforced polymers, carbon nanotubes and graphene provides a versatile, lightweight next-generation building technique, freeing architects from the constraints of scale associated with steel and concrete.

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Algae food sources

Algae, grown en masse and refined alongside flavourings and nutrient enchancements into various approximations of foodstuffs, used as a mechanism to prevent mass starvation amid widespread famine. With its rapid growth cycle, high yield, and exceptional nutrient density, algae proves indispensable in addressing both the immediate crisis of food scarcity and the long-term challenges posed by environmental degradation.

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Indium Phosphide Quantum Dot Cells Mature

High-efficiency indium phosphide QD solar cells become standard for space and high-altitude applications due to superior photon capture across the solar spectrum.

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Mechanical surgical assistants

High-precision robotics used routinely as a surgical adjunct with limited AI augmentation, allowing the assistant to proactively help the surgeon within tight parameters.

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Terawatt cabling

Next-generation power transmission system designed to handle immense electrical loads of 1 MV at 1 MA, equivalent to 1 TW of power. With a 1.13m diameter and a metre-squared cross-section, the cable consists of a 0.6m² carbon nanotube (CNT) core for exceptional tensile strength, a 0.3m² graphene layer for ultra-efficient conduction, and a 0.1m² aerogel insulation layer for thermal and electrical protection. Weighing approximately 1.5 kg/m, the cable is lightweight yet robust, engineered to minimise resistance and withstand mechanical stresses. It is capable of being "grown" from Earth’s surface using advanced nanofabrication, atmospheric carbon extraction, and autonomous robotic assembly, making it applicable high-altitude solar power transmission, floating city infrastructure, or even space elevator development.

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Interleaved photovoltaics

The pinnacle of the 22nd century's efficiency and material science, leveraging interleaved perovskite-graphene and quantum dot solar cells for unparalleled performance. The primary photovoltaic layer is a high-efficiency perovskite cell composed of tin chloride and methylammonium bromide, chosen for its low cost, high flexibility, and ability to efficiently convert visible light into electricity. This layer is paired with a graphene charge transport layer, enabling rapid electron transfer while maintaining flexibility and robustness. A thin protective coating of aluminium oxide shields the perovskite from degradation caused by UV radiation, oxygen, and water vapour, offering potential for a long lifespan even in harsh conditions Beneath the perovskite layer, a second photovoltaic layer utilises graphene-encased indium phosphide quantum dot solar cells, which excel at capturing high-energy photons and near-infrared light. This tandem configuration allows for an impressive overall efficiency of 30–40%, thanks to the synergistic effect of optimising multiple sections of the solar spectrum. The integration of graphene further reduces resistive losses and improves heat dissipation, critical for maintaining performance at high altitudes where solar radiation is more intense. This advanced PV system combines lightweight, flexible materials with cutting-edge nanotechnology to achieve a scalable, efficient energy-harvesting solution. It is perfectly suited for deployment a wide range of situations, from ground-based collectors, to space arrays, through high atmospheric conditions, where minimal air resistance and direct sunlight exposure maximise energy yield.

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Nanosuturing

Robot-assisted advanced suturing techniques allowing scar-free stitching post-surgery

• > Wyn Luton

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Neural networking

AI augmentation allowing realtime access to globally connected systems, optimised by location, enabling individuals to interface directly with these systems

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Solar collector

A high-altitude energy-harvesting platform stationed 15–20 miles above Earth's surface, using He-4 (3.6m thick at 0.179g/L) for buoyancy and solar-powered ion thrusters for stabilisation and course correction. Its photovoltaic surface consists of interleaved high-efficiency perovskite with graphene charge transport layers and a secondary graphene-shell indium phosphide quantum dot solar cell enhances efficiency to 30–40% through synergistic effects. The base layer, a 1–2mm graphene/CNT composite, provides structural integrity while maintaining an ultra-lightweight profile. An integrated atmospheric helium extraction and refill system enables long-term station-keeping, allowing the collector to operate indefinitely while transmitting terawatt-scale power via a CNT-graphene cabling system to ground- or arcology-based infrastructure. Typical power outputs range from a megawatt for a 50m disc, through 0.75GW for a 2km disc, up to the terawatt scale at 48km.

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Nanites

Self-replicating machines on a microscopic scale, capable of interfacing with cells, repairing tissues, and rejuvenating cellular structures. Capable of making autonomous decisions and communicating through a network. Initial development focused on repairing cell damage and regenerating tissue

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Thermoptic camouflage

D'naa technology, not widely known or understood

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Cellular repair algorithms

Basic repair algorithms allow early nanites to repair localised damage and rejuvenate tissues in that coarsely targetted area.

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Biocompatible carrier fluids

A carefully engineered viscous liquid used to transport nanites and biochemicals into the body, ensuring smooth distribution across tissues and organs. Absorbable through mucuous membranes or skin without harming the body.

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Nanomedicine

The use of nanotechnology in the medical field to diagnose, treat, and monitor diseases at the cellular and molecular level.

• > Tae Westing
• > Wyn Luton

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Genetic reprogramming system

A complex system of nanites and biochemicals working in tandem to alter genetic structures, with potential to reduce aging and reverse disease progression at the genetic level. Precision editing provided by the constituent parts eliminates the need for inelegant delivery methods.

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Quantum-infused biochemicals

Biochemicals designed to manipulate the body’s genetic code. Can repair DNA, enhance genes, eliminate genetic disorders, and "re-set" aging markers. Quantum computing models applied to biochemical editing allows precise targetting genetic sequences for rejuvenation.

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Regenerative nanites

First self-replicating nanites capable of maintaining systemic regeneration via exploiting quantum decision-making pathways

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Leahy Fusion drive

Magnetic coil exhaust accelerators

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Advanced cellular repair algorithms

Advanced algorithms allow nanites to calculate the best course of action for rejuvenating tissue, eliminating cellular damage, and optimising regeneration across the body. Integration with regenerative nanites enables whole-body sychronised repair with real-time adjustments based on genetic feedback.

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Entangled particle communication

Martian technology

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Solar collector survey

The 2200 era solar collector array, having endured nearly 300 years and two global thermonuclear wars, operates at an estimated 35–45% of its original efficiency. Initially maintaining over 90% efficiency, it suffered significant degradation from EMP blasts, micrometeoroid impacts, radiation exposure, and thermal cycling fatigue due to lapses in maintenance during post-war periods. While large sections are inert or heavily damaged, the array’s modular design, passive photovoltaic systems, and potential retrofits with self-repair technologies have enabled it to persist. Its survival stands as a testament to the resilience of robust engineering, long outlasting the civilizations that built it.

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Today

Earth is more or less a forgotten relic, an echo of what it once was, a permanent reminder of what humanity collectively did to it. The majority of power now rests firmly in the hands of the corporations, with most people relegated to a life worse than that of mere pawns in their sprawling operations. The chasm between the elite and the rest of the world has never been so wide. Crime is rampant, an inevitable by-product of inequality and corporate neglect. The privileged few continue to thrive in isolated havens beyond the planet's decaying surface - new worlds, new stations - but even these exist only at a steep price. For those left behind, the stakes couldn’t be lower. But for those with the means to rise, the game is far from over. The rules may have changed, but the struggle for power persists in the shadows of humanity's former home.

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