INSILICO Timeline

20^thcentury

15^th 1978 Jun

Discovery of Perovskite Crystal Structure

The perovskite structure is identified, highlighting its potential for various electronic applications due to unique optical and electronic properties.

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10^th 1981 Apr

Synthesis of quantum dots

Quantum dots are first synthesized, showcasing tunable optical properties critical for future solar energy and display technologies.

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21^stcentury

14^th 2009 Sep

First Perovskite Solar Cell

The first perovskite solar cell is developed, using organic-inorganic halide perovskites, achieving 3.8% efficiency with early instability issues.

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19^th 2013 Jun

Breakthrough in Perovskite Efficiency

Perovskite solar cell efficiency surpasses 15%, positioning it as a promising alternative to silicon photovoltaics.

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20^th 2016 Jul

Graphene Integrated into Solar Cells

Graphene is successfully implemented as a charge transport layer, improving electron mobility and structural flexibility in solar devices.

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21^st 2024 May

Quantum Dot Solar Windows Commercialised

Quantum dot technology is used in transparent solar windows, generating power while allowing natural light through architectural glass structures.

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12^th 2039 Aug

Methylammonium Bromide Perovskite Cells Developed

Perovskite solar cells incorporating methylammonium bromide improve light absorption and chemical stability, increasing efficiency under visible light.

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18^th 2045 Dec

Space-Grade Stable Perovskites Achieved

Perovskite cells with tin chloride additives are optimized for radiation resistance and thermal stability in space environments.

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2^nd 2061 Jul

Graphene-Encapsulated Indium Phosphide QDs

Indium phosphide quantum dots encased in graphene dramatically improve near-infrared light capture, stability, and thermal management in solar cells.

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9^th 2082 Jun

Aluminium Oxide Coated Perovskites

Perfection of ultra-thin aluminium oxide coatings prevents perovskite degradation from UV exposure, oxygen, and water vapour, extending operational lifespan.

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11^th 2087 Oct

First Tandem Perovskite-QD Solar Cell Module

A tandem solar module combining perovskite and quantum dot layers, separated by graphene charge transport layers, reaches unprecedented energy conversion rates.

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22^ndcentury

15^th 2109 Feb

Fusion desalination plants

Fusion desalination plants harness energy from nuclear fusion to power large-scale desalination processes, such as reverse osmosis or thermal distillation, to convert seawater into potable water. This clean, abundant energy source offers a sustainable solution to water scarcity, reducing environmental impact and costs compared to traditional fossil-fuel-powered desalination

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19^th 2134 Feb

Indium Phosphide Quantum Dot Cells Mature

High-efficiency indium phosphide QD solar cells become standard for space and high-altitude applications due to superior photon capture across the solar spectrum.

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12^th 2173 Aug

Terawatt cabling

Next-generation power transmission system designed to handle immense electrical loads of 1 MV at 1 MA, equivalent to 1 TW of power. With a 1.13m diameter and a metre-squared cross-section, the cable consists of a 0.6m² carbon nanotube (CNT) core for exceptional tensile strength, a 0.3m² graphene layer for ultra-efficient conduction, and a 0.1m² aerogel insulation layer for thermal and electrical protection. Weighing approximately 1.5 kg/m, the cable is lightweight yet robust, engineered to minimise resistance and withstand mechanical stresses. It is capable of being "grown" from Earth’s surface using advanced nanofabrication, atmospheric carbon extraction, and autonomous robotic assembly, making it applicable high-altitude solar power transmission, floating city infrastructure, or even space elevator development.

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19^th 2178 Apr

Interleaved photovoltaics

The pinnacle of the 22nd century's efficiency and material science, leveraging interleaved perovskite-graphene and quantum dot solar cells for unparalleled performance. The primary photovoltaic layer is a high-efficiency perovskite cell composed of tin chloride and methylammonium bromide, chosen for its low cost, high flexibility, and ability to efficiently convert visible light into electricity. This layer is paired with a graphene charge transport layer, enabling rapid electron transfer while maintaining flexibility and robustness. A thin protective coating of aluminium oxide shields the perovskite from degradation caused by UV radiation, oxygen, and water vapour, offering potential for a long lifespan even in harsh conditions Beneath the perovskite layer, a second photovoltaic layer utilises graphene-encased indium phosphide quantum dot solar cells, which excel at capturing high-energy photons and near-infrared light. This tandem configuration allows for an impressive overall efficiency of 30–40%, thanks to the synergistic effect of optimising multiple sections of the solar spectrum. The integration of graphene further reduces resistive losses and improves heat dissipation, critical for maintaining performance at high altitudes where solar radiation is more intense. This advanced PV system combines lightweight, flexible materials with cutting-edge nanotechnology to achieve a scalable, efficient energy-harvesting solution. It is perfectly suited for deployment a wide range of situations, from ground-based collectors, to space arrays, through high atmospheric conditions, where minimal air resistance and direct sunlight exposure maximise energy yield.

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23^rdcentury

27^th 2269 Mar

Solar collector

A high-altitude energy-harvesting platform stationed 15–20 miles above Earth's surface, using He-4 (3.6m thick at 0.179g/L) for buoyancy and solar-powered ion thrusters for stabilisation and course correction. Its photovoltaic surface consists of interleaved high-efficiency perovskite with graphene charge transport layers and a secondary graphene-shell indium phosphide quantum dot solar cell enhances efficiency to 30–40% through synergistic effects. The base layer, a 1–2mm graphene/CNT composite, provides structural integrity while maintaining an ultra-lightweight profile. An integrated atmospheric helium extraction and refill system enables long-term station-keeping, allowing the collector to operate indefinitely while transmitting terawatt-scale power via a CNT-graphene cabling system to ground- or arcology-based infrastructure. Typical power outputs range from a megawatt for a 50m disc, through 0.75GW for a 2km disc, up to the terawatt scale at 48km.

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25^thcentury

29^th 2470 Aug

Leahy Fusion drive

Magnetic coil exhaust accelerators

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17^th 2492 Feb

Solar collector survey

The 2200 era solar collector array, having endured nearly 300 years and two global thermonuclear wars, operates at an estimated 35–45% of its original efficiency. Initially maintaining over 90% efficiency, it suffered significant degradation from EMP blasts, micrometeoroid impacts, radiation exposure, and thermal cycling fatigue due to lapses in maintenance during post-war periods. While large sections are inert or heavily damaged, the array’s modular design, passive photovoltaic systems, and potential retrofits with self-repair technologies have enabled it to persist. Its survival stands as a testament to the resilience of robust engineering, long outlasting the civilizations that built it.

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4^th2496Feb

Today

Earth is more or less a forgotten relic, an echo of what it once was, a permanent reminder of what humanity collectively did to it. The majority of power now rests firmly in the hands of the corporations, with most people relegated to a life worse than that of mere pawns in their sprawling operations. The chasm between the elite and the rest of the world has never been so wide. Crime is rampant, an inevitable by-product of inequality and corporate neglect. The privileged few continue to thrive in isolated havens beyond the planet's decaying surface - new worlds, new stations - but even these exist only at a steep price. For those left behind, the stakes couldn’t be lower. But for those with the means to rise, the game is far from over. The rules may have changed, but the struggle for power persists in the shadows of humanity's former home.

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